Networking

Suppose, I have a device (laptop, mobile phone etc). I want to connect it with other devices to share file etc.

We can send/receive file among devices by making a network with them.

How devices are physically connected among each other is called topology. There are basically 5 types of topology:

    [i] Star topology: A root device is connected with other devices

    [ii] Mesh topology: Each device is connected with other devices directly

    [iii] Bus topology: A root backbone connects all device

    [iv] Ring topology: A ring shaped root backbone connects all device

    [v] Hybrid topology: Mixed of two or more topologies. e.g. star topology + ring topology

When we communicate with other people, we use a language which is understandable to both of us. As like, device need a language (protocol) to communicate with other i.e. same grammar and rules. These grammar and rules are called protocol.

Protocol has 3 components:

    [i] Syntax: as like word

    [ii] Semantics: what does the word mean?

    [iii] Timing: synchronization of transmission between devices as the speed, memory, processing power etc is different for different devices.